Jumat, Agustus 14, 2009

The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics

The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics
Yadolah Dodge | ISBN: 978-0-387-32833-1 | Pdf | 612 pgs | 6 mb

With this concise volume we hope to satisfy the needs of a large scientific community previously served mainly by huge encyclopedic references. Rather than aiming at a comprehensive coverage of our subject, we have concentrated on the most important topics, but explained those as deeply as space has allowed. The result is a compact work whichwe trust leaves no central topics out.

Entries have a rigid structure to facilitate the finding of information. Each term introduced here includes a definition, history, mathematical details, limitations in using the terms followed by examples, references and relevant literature for further reading. The reference is arranged alphabetically to provide quick access to the fundamental tools of statistical methodology and biographies of famous statisticians, including some currents ones who continue to contribute to the science of statistics, such as Sir David Cox, Bradley Efron and T.W. Anderson just to mention a few. The critera for selecting these statisticians, whether living or absent, is of course rather personal and it is very possible that some of those famous persons deserving of an entry are absent. I apologize sincerely for any such unintentional omissions.

In addition, an attempt has been made to present the essential information about statistical tests, concepts, and analytical methods in language that is accessible to practitioners and students and the vast community using statistics inmedicine, engineering, physical science, life science, social science, and business/economics.
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Anak Hiperaktif Bukan Anak Nakal


BANYAK orangtua yang mengeluhkan anak balitanya superaktif. Tidak bisa diam, jumpalitan, tidak fokus, nakal, pethakilan, dan sejenisnya. Kalangan medis menyebut balita jenis ini masuk kategori anak hiperaktif.

Hiperaktif merupakan gangguan pertumbuhan yang cukup lazim dialami balita. Rata-rata terjadi sebelum mereka berusia 7 tahun. Jika menemui balita demikian, kaum ibu tidak perlu panik dan cemas. Tahap awal yang mesti dilakukan adalah menyadari adanya gejala. Tidak semua tingkah laku yang kelewatan dapat digolongkan sebagai hiperaktif. Karena itu, langkah berikutnya adalah konsultasi dengan ahli terapi psikologi anak. Ini penting karena gangguan hiperaktivitas bisa berpengaruh pada kesehatan mental dan fisik anak, serta kemampuannya dalam menyerap pelajaran dan bergaul. Konsultasi diperlukan agar orangtua memperoleh gambaran apa yang mesti dilakukan agar sifat hiperaktif bisa berkembang ke arah yang positif.

Celakanya, masih banyak guru yang tidak tahu menangani anak hiperaktif ini. Karena itu biasanya mereka "asal mencap" anak tersebut sebagai anak nakal. Dan biasanya kalau sudah mencap nakal, guru tidak mau menangani lagi, atau justru menangani dengan cara yang salah, seperti dihukum, dimarahi, dan lain-lain.

Anak hiperaktif bisa dilihat tanda-tandanya sejak bayi, yaitu mudah kaget dan terbangun oleh suara yang tidak keras. Ini akibat refleks moronya terlalu aktif. Selain itu ketika tumbuh lagi, ia banyak sekali melakukan gerakan yang bertujuan, misalnya mondar-mandir mengambil bola.

Intinya, untuk sampai pada diagnosis hiperaktif, ada tiga hal yang harus dipenuhi, yaitu:


1. Sulit berkonsentrasi. Contoh: ceroboh, pelupa, tidak terorganisir dengan baik.
2. Sulit menahan diri. Contoh: suka memotong pembicaraan orang lain, tidak suka menunggu antrean.
3. Banyak melakukan gerakan. Apa pun yang dilakukannya, ia seperti tidak merasa lelah.

Selain itu, diperlukan juga tes-tes tertentu, seperti observasi perilaku, observasi mengerjakan tugas-tugas, bermain, dan mengerjakan soal-soal tes.

Tanya
Apakah anak hiperaktif bisa dikenali sejak dalam kandungan, dan apakah ada kemungkinan untuk sembuh?
Endah S, Jakarta

Jawab
Pada beberapa kasus bisa dikenali sejak dalam kandungan. Namun beberapa yang lain tidak. Hiperaktif bukanlah penyakit, jadi tidak ada istilah sakit atau sembuh. Lebih tepat kalau dibilang bagaimana mengolah dan bagaimana bisa hidup nyaman dengan anak hiperkatif. Faktor sebabnya belum ketemu. Dari beberapa kasus diteliti dan ditemukan misalnya ada yang paling umum adalah kekurangan neurotransmitter di otak. Karenanya dokter biasanya memberikan obat-obatan yang fungsinya menambah neurotrasmitter. Tapi, hiperaktif itu ada bermacam-macam pemicunya. Ada yang karena alergi pada zat-zat kimia, ada yang memang karena pola asuh yang salah.

Tanya
Apakah hiperaktif bisa dialami oleh anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Bagaimana terapi untuk mengatasinya?
Suhalim Rahmat, Semarang

Jawab
Hiperaktif tidak memandang bulu. Anak laki-laki atau perempuan bisa mengalaminya. Penelitian faktor resikonya 5 kali lebih besar untuk semua jenis gangguan perkembangan. Untuk terapi, mesti ke ahlinya seperti psikolog atau klinik anak tumbuh kembang. Di sana anak akan diidentifikasi dengan jelas sehingga ketahuan apa sebabnya. Kalau anak tidak bisa konsentrasi, maka dia tidak bisa mengolah input yang masuk, diberi terapi pengajaran supaya dia bisa bicara. Orang bicara kan karena dia mendengar, memasukkan ke otak mengolah lalu memproduksi lagi. Jadi gangguannya sampai ke soal gangguan bicara.

Tanya
Ada anak yang kalau marah suka memukul kepala. Bicaranya juga belum lancar. Kenapa bisa terjadi hal ini?
Khoirul Sajadi, Serang

Jawab
Anak marah biasanya karena ingin kemauannya dituruti. Untuk mengatasinya, butuh ketegasan dari orangtua. Waktu anak marah, jangan diberi tanggapan apa pun. Bilang baik-baik bahwa kita tidak mau bicara sebelum dia diam tenang. Untuk anak yang salah satunya sulit konsentrasi, dia mesti dilatih dengan banyak komunikasi/siklus komuniaksinya mesti nyambung.

Konsultan: Ike R Sugianto
Psikolog Anak dan Remaja dari Universitas Indonesia

Healtylife
Edisi 07/VIII - Juli 2009

Hipoglikemi pada Anak

Hipoglikemi merupakan suatu kondisi saat kadar gula dalam darah di bawah kadar normal. Hipoglikemi jarang terjadi, namun sekali terjadi pada anak-anak cukup berbahaya. Sebab sel-sel dalam tubuh, terutama otak membutuhkan glukosa sebagai sumber energi. Jika kebutuhan tersebut tidak terpenuhi dalam jangka waktu tertentu, maka akan terjadi kematian sel dan pada akhirnya akan mengakibatkan kerusakan organ. Dengan demikian, perlu tindakan cepat untuk mencegah hipoglikemi berkembang jadi berbahaya dengan segera membawa anak ke rumah sakit untuk penanganan lebih lanjut agar tidak terjadi kerusakan organ. Yang dapat Anda lakukan adalah mengenali gejala-gejalanya dan memberikan pertolongan pertama yang tepat.

Gejala Hipoglikemi

Seseorang yang mengalami hipoglikemi akan merasa lemah, mengantuk, kebingungan, pusing, lapar, sakit kepala, berkeringat, denyut jantung cepat, dan perasaan lembab. Pada kasus yang sangat parah, maka anak menjadi tidak sadar dan bahkan bisa mengalami koma.

Apa penyebabnya?

>Pemberian insulin yang berlebihan pada anak penderita diabetes
>Anak muntah, sehingga semua makanannya terbuang
>Makan terlambat
>Aktivitas yang berlebihan, dan asupan makanan yang kurang
>Gangguan penyerapan gula, atau mengalami intoleransi fruktosa.

Diagnosis pasti hipoglikemi

>Anak merasakan gejala-gejala hipoglikemi
>Gejala tersebut akan hilang setelah diberikan gula.

Pertolongan Pertama

>Cobalah bedakan apakah gejala yang dialami memang hipoglikemi, karena gejala tersebut mirip dengan hal yang lain misalnya syok, stres, ketakutan, atau sekedar lemas yang biasa.

>Cara membedakannya adalah dengan mengingat, kapan terakhir kali anak Anda makan, apakah anak Anda muntah sehingga semua makanannya keluar? Ataukah ia terlambat makan? Ataukah anak Anda terlalu banyak melakukan aktivitas akhir-akhir ini? Bawalah anak Anda ke tempat yang lebih sejuk.














>Berikan minuman yang mengandung banyak gula, misalnya sirup, teh manis, jus.














>Tunggu sesaat, jika keluhan tersebut tidak hilang selama 10 menit setelah pemberian minuman, segera bawa ke dokter, karena bisa jadi kondisinya sudah menjadi serius.
>Atau jika anak tidak bisa sama sekali diberikan asupan minuman atau makanan melalui mulutnya, maka kondisi itu merupakan pertanda untuk segera dibawa ke dokter.

Penanganan anak penderita diabetes yang mengalami hipoglikemia Penderita diabetes anak biasanya termasuk dalam tipe I diabetes (yang tergantung insulin). Jika seorang anak yang mengalami diabetes mengalami gejala hipoglikemi, tidak ada jalan lain kecuali harus dibawa ke dokter, karena kondisi ini dapat mengancam jiwanya. Pemberian glukosa melalui oral terkadang tidak dapat mengejar kebutuhan gula tersebut, mereka harus diberikan glukosa melalui infus untuk dapat menyelamatkan jiwanya.


Healtylife

Edisi 07/VIII - Juli 2009

Makeup Secrets Revealed 3

DUAL ACTIV POWDER FOUNDATION:

In today’s fast paced world, the modern woman is always in search of a “quick fix”. To her, time is precious, yet she needs to look great in seconds. Many brands offer their solution to this - cream to powder, dual activ, three-in-one - basically a multi-functional product.

Sacha’s Dual Activ Foundation, as the name implies, is a foundation and powder in one. It provides the easy application of a powder with the excellent coverage of a foundation. The outstanding feature of this foundation is that it begins as a powder and ends as a powder. It is exquisitely yellow-based and ideal for normal to oily skin.

HOW DO I USE MY FOUNDATION?

The very first step in selecting your perfect foundation is assessing your skin type, to determine the type of foundation that would work best for you.

Selecting the right shade of foundation for your skin tone is critical. Most women have yellow-based skin and need to wear foundations with a yellow base. All Sacha foundations are yellow-based and progresses in steps from the lightest to the darkest shade.

If you need to identify the shade of foundation which is perfect for your skin tone visit us at http://www.sachacosmetics.com/skintones.html. Follow the simple instructions and identify the shade of foundation which will perfectly match your natural skin color.





























Prepare your face with the appropriate cleanser and toner. Follow with Sacha’s Daily Moisturizer which is an excellent under makeup base. It improves the application of your foundation and adds to its wearability. It is a must for all women especially those with dry skin.

Apply your foundation with a cosmetic sponge for more control and a smoother application.

Liquid foundation should be blended in a little at a time until the entire face is completed.

Cream foundation should be applied to the face in long sweeping motions using your cosmetic sponge. Blend evenly until you create a smooth flawless finish. A powder foundation should be applied as you would your normal compact powder.

Remember proper blending is the key - blend your foundation under the jawline, into the hairline, on the ear lobes. Pay special attention to the corners of the nose, corners of the mouth, over and under the eyes. If you need to retouch a particular spot, re-apply lightly and blend. Lightly powder with a translucent powder to set your foundation.

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TIP: Test foundation along your jawline - not on your hand and definitely not on the inside of your wrist. View it under different light settings. It must match the natural color of your neck.
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TIP: For easy transition from day to night makeup, touch up with Sacha’s Dual Activ Foundation. If will provide the finish of a powder with the coverage of a foundation.
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TIP: Dampen your cosmetic sponge to create a sheer finish.

CONCEALER

Concealers are of a denser composition than regular foundations and are generally available in sticks, tubes, pots, and creams. Concealers can be used to cover blemishes, dark spots, ruddy areas, marks, veins, freckles or under eye circles.

Your concealer should be one shade lighter than your foundation (and only in extreme cases should you use a concealer two shades lighter).

Using a concealer that is too light or too pink will give the appearance of ‘owl eyes’. In other words, it will emphasize the dark area instead of concealing it.

Apply Sacha’s concealer with a small fine tipped brush for an accurate application. As with any other application, blending is the key.

Always set your concealer with a sheer, translucent powder to prevent creasing.

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TIP: Be sure to cover the inside of the nose bridge and the outer corner of your eye where we tend to get dark areas.
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TIP: You can remove years from your face by applying concealer to the little downward turning lines at the corner of your mouth.

FACE POWDERS

Face powders are an essential step in your makeup routine. They are available in either compact or loose form.

It is important to set your foundation with a loose powder. This helps to keep your foundation in place. Compact powders should be used for touch ups.

Sacha’s Translucent Powders are light in texture providing a sheer, natural finish. They are lightly tinted and work best with Sacha’s yellow-based foundations.

The basic idea is, if you use a translucent powder over your foundation or concealer, it will set your makeup without adding too much extra color.

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TIP: For warmer climates or in the summer, take special care to set your foundation with a loose powder, as heat tends to create slipping or running of your foundation. This is especially so in the case of cream foundation as they tend to have a higher oil content.

If you have extra oily skin, try our Ultra-Matte Translucent Powders in Light, Medium or Dark shades. These powders were first developed for the Miss Universe Pageant 1999 to keep the delegates shine free during long days of shooting. They are sheer and contain loads of oil natural
absorbers.

Complexion powders on the other hand, have a greater degree of color and because they are more opaque, can be used alone. They can also be used with your foundation to set, adjust or enhance.

Some women wear foundations that are too pink and try to neutralize the redness by finishing with one of our yellow-based powders. We strongly advise against this since this will result in the color of your makeup turning orange. Remember red plus yellow equals orange!

EYES

EYESHADOW

While there are rigid rules when it comes to foundations, it is with your eye color that you can allow your creative side to take flight.

Your eyes are the focal point of your face. Be sure that your eye makeup techniques and choice of colors are most flattering to your eye shape and color.

With eye color you can create the illusion of new shapes and sizes. Always keep in mind that light colors highlight and dark colors shrink or recede.

Sacha’s powder eyeshadows come in singles or easy to use, color coordinated trios. Our cream eye shadows are available in duos. All Sacha Eye Shadows are highly pigmented. Simply put, the shade you see in the container is what you will see on your eyes.


When applying eyeshadow sweep the lightest shade over the entire area from lash line to brow. This shade will be your base color and is to your eye, what your foundation is to your face. It will hold your color and prevent creasing.

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TIP: On days when you are really pressed for time, apply the base color to the eye then skip to mascara and you’re done.

After applying your base color, apply a medium shade on the lower lid. This is the part of the eye that most women apply eyeshadow. Blend into your base shade.

A third color can then be added. Use a deep, dark shade to create depth. Apply this shade along the lash line, and at the outer corner of the eye, emphasizing the crease of the eye and brow bone. Blend well. This is your accent shade and when used can create a more defined eye.

How you apply this contour shade can help eyes look bigger, smaller, wider set or closer together. The key is to blend so well that attention is still drawn to your eye, not your eye makeup.

For eye shadow that looks “just applied” for hours. First, base your eyelid with Sacha’s Kamaflage Cover Cream in a shade that matches your skintone. Next, apply a neutral shade of eye shadow or a color nearest your skin color over the Cover Cream. The process of the powder
adhering to the cream will create a smudge resistant base for your eye shadow. It will last forever.

Sacha’s powder eyeshadows can be used wet or dry. Dampen your brush or applicator and create your own liquid eyeliner in any of Sacha’s vibrant colors. Wet application of Sacha’s eyeshadows serves to intensify the color.

Sacha’s cream eyeshadows can be used as a single color or with the coordinated duo shade. These cream eyeshadows can be coordinated with our powder shadows, so that a cream eyeshadow can be used as an under base with a matching powder shadow as a sealant. The best
applicators for any cream eye shadow are your fingertips.

For extra glamour, use Sacha’s shimmering, iridescent Satin Powders to highlight your eyes. With our Satin Powders it is easy to transform your day makeup into a glamorous night look.

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TIP: When applying eyeshadow to the crease of the eye, keep your eyes open and slightly tilt your head backward. This will enable you to better see the shape you are creating and allowing the shadow to go into the crease.
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TIP: For more mature skin use iridescent shades sparingly.
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TIP: If you have puffy eyelids do not use iridescent or frosted shadows in light colors or white. Use softer, matte colors.

MASCARA

Next to lipstick, mascara is your most effective makeup tool. It is a great eye opener that emphasizes the lashes. Apart from the obvious choice of color, many brands promise to thicken, lengthen, darken, volumize and condition your lashes. They are also available in waterproof and regular formulas.

Using a proper application technique when applying mascara is extremely important to achieve a finished look. You must ensure that the mascara covers the lashes from the root to the tip of the lash.

For your upper lashes, wiggle the mascara wand back and forth at the base of the lashes to deposit color before rolling the brush through your lashes. Coat lashes from the very base to the tips with full strokes. This method creates a thicker looking lash with the ends separated and the
base well defined.

Hold the wand vertically when applying mascara to lower lashes, running this from side to side. Be extremely careful as to avoid smudging the under eye area.

When applying more than one coat, combing through lashes between coats will help prevent clumping.

Sacha’s Clear Mascara can be used to create a natural effect or on the brows for extra control.

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TIP: If your mascara is new and the deposit on the wand is plentiful, tissue off the wand before applying to prevent smudging.
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TIP: To get more product on the mascara brush try twirling the brush. Pumping it will cause the product to dry out sooner.
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TIP: Try experimenting with different colors of mascara – maybe brown, navy or green.

EYELINER

The eyeliner market is extremely saturated with many brands offering a variety of options in terms of color, texture, and type. Most companies offer pencil, liquid, felt tip and cake eyeliners.

The tissue of the eye area is extremely delicate, therefore when choosing an eyeliner pencil be sure to select one that is soft enough to glide easily. This is one aspect of makeup application that not only takes practice but an extremely steady hand.

Pencil eyeliners tend to be quite popular because they are easier to control and also can give the look that you want to achieve. Liquid eyeliners on the other hand require more practice. They create preciselines once applied with enough control.

The new kid on the block - felt tip liners – are quite similar to liquid eyeliners in consistency and offers the user a bit more control. Cake eyeliners, traditionally used by professionals are now becoming very popular. A new trend is to use eyeshadows as eyeliners. The advantage of this that you have so many more colors with which to line.

For wide set eyes, emphasize the inner corners of the eyes. For close set eyes, emphasize the outer corners, keeping the inner corners highlighted. For drooping eyes, turn the outer end of the liner in an upward direction.

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TIP: When using an eye pencil, open your mouth slightly to relax the eye muscles. It will make lining a lot easier without having to pull or tug at your lid.
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TIP: Apply eyeliner as close as possible and even into the lashes to avoid the white line you sometimes get when liner and lashes don’t connect.

Part 1, Part 2, Part 4

Kamis, Agustus 13, 2009

Developing Thinking in Statistics

Developing Thinking in Statistics
Alan Graham | ISBN-13 978-1-4129-1167-2 (pbk) | Pdf | 289 pgs | 4 mb

Statistical thinking will one day be as necessary a qualification for efficient citizenship as the ability to read and write. (H.G.Wells, 1865, quoted in Weaver, 1952).

Statistics is a key area of the school mathematics curriculum where mathematics and the real world meet.The term ‘data handling’ is sometimes used to refer to the same thing as ‘statistics’. In this book, however, ‘statistics’ is given a wider meaning than ‘data handling’, covering the full range of ideas and concepts that inform one’s thinking when posing and tackling real-world problems where data are used. Although potentially a subject where teaching can be motivating and relevant to everyday concerns, statistics is nevertheless sometimes seen as boring, predominantly involving mechanical calculation.The aim in writing this book is to help teachers and others interested in statistical thinking to become excited about and inspired by the big ideas of statistics and, in turn, to teach them enthusiastically to learners.
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